Summer Term 2024

Content

* Optical telescopes: optics and characteristic parameters, telescope types, diffraction, resolution, aberrations and corrections, applications
* Optical detectors: detector types, semiconductors and CCDs, quantum efficiency, readout, noise sources, multi-chip cameras, applications
* Imaging: techniques, photometry, data reduction and characterisation, signal-to-noise
* Atmospheric effects and corrections: extinction, turbulence, seeing, active and adaptive optics, laser guide stars, applications
* Spectroscopy: types of spectrographs and spectrometers, dispersive elements, integral field units, data reduction and characterisation, applications
* Infrared astronomy: detectors and techniques, sources, applications
* Radio astronomy: detectors and instrumentation, synthesis techniques, types of radiation and sources, applications
* Astronomical interferometry: wavelength regimes, instrumentation, applications
* X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy: detectors and instrumentation, types of radiation and sources, applications
* Astroparticle physics: neutrino and Cherenkov detectors, sources and acceleration mechanisms of neutrinos and cosmic rays, applications
* Gravitational-wave astronomy: detection, sources, applications.
* In-situ exploration and remote sensing.

Goal

After completing this course, the students have firm insight into the concepts, technologies, and the underlying physical principles and limitations of modern observational techniques along with scientific applications. They have knowledge of basic detector designs for different types of radiation and particles. They understand the environmental influence on astronomical observations. They are able to select and judge the adequate observational technique for studying an astronomical object of interest.

Content

- Astronomical basics: astronomical observations, methods and instruments;
orientation at the celestial sphere; fundamental terms of electromagnetic
radiation; distance determination, Earth-Moon system; terrestrial and gas
planets, small bodies; extra-solar-planets
- Inner structure of stars: state variables, stellar atmospheres and line
spectra; Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; fundamental equations, energy
transfer and opacity; nuclear reaction rates and tunnelling; nuclear fusion
reactions
- Stellar evolution: Main sequence, giants and late phases; white dwarfs,
Chandrasekhar limit; supernovae, neutron stars, Pulsars and supernova
remnants; binaries and multiple systems; star clusters
- Interstellar medium: cold, warm, hot gas phases dust, cosmic rays,
magnetic fields; ionization and recombination, Stroemgren spheres; heating
and cooling; star formation, matter cycle, chemical enrichment
- Galaxies: Structure and properties of normal galaxies and the Milky Way;
scaling relations; integrated spectra, luminosity function; cosmological
evolution of star formation; Black Holes in galaxies, active galaxies and their
properties, unified models
- Galaxy clusters: optical properties and cluster gas; hydrostatic model;
scaling relations; number densities and evolution
- Gravitational lensing: Concepts, mass distribution in galaxies and galaxy
clusters; cosmological lensing effect
- Large scale distribution of galaxies and gas: Structure in the spatial galaxy
distribution; redshift effects; biasing; Lyman-α-forest; Gunn-Peterson effect
and cosmic reionization
- Cosmology: Friedmann-Lemaître models, cosmological standard model;
origin and evolution of structures; halos of Dark Matter; Formation of
galaxies

Goal

The students have gained basic knowledge and understanding of astronomical objects, measuring units and methods, and the relevant astrophysical processes. They have a firm grasp of the fundamental interrelations of objects and processes on different scales. They are able to reproduce the basic features of the modern world view including the physical reasoning, and connect astronomical and astrophysical phenomena to previously acquired knowledge in physics.

Course Information

Content

Lecture: Thursdays, 14:15-15:45
Tutorial Group 1: Thursday, 15:45-17:15
Tutorial Group 2: Thursday, 15:45-17:15 (possible second group)

Location: 
Philosophenweg 12, Kleiner Hörsaal

Preliminary Schedule:
18.4.24: Introduction (Stefan Jordan)
25.4.24: Stellar structure 1 (Ralf Klessen)
02.5.24: Stellar structure 2 (Ralf Klessen)
09.5.24: Himmelfahrt
16.5.24: Stellar structure 3 (Ralf Klessen)
23.5.24: Energy transport (Stefan Jordan)
30.5.24: Fronleichnam
06.6.24: Energy production (Stefan Jordan)
13.6.24: Main sequence (Stefan Jordan)
20.6.24: Stellar evolution to the AGB (Stefan Jordan)
27.6.24: Late stages of stellar evolution (Stefan Jordan)
04.7.24: Stellar atmospheres, stellar spectra (Stefan Jordan)
11.7.24: Stellar pulsations, rotation, magnetic fields (Ralf Klessen)
18.7.23: Stellar spectra (Ralf Klessen)
25.7.23: Written exam (Ralf Klessen, Stefan Jordan)

Seminar:
 2-3 full days between July 29 and  Aug 2, 2023

Course Information

Content

Module Part 1: Lecture “Galactic and Extragalactic Astronomy” (4 CP)
- Galaxy types and classification, correlations with physical properties,
stellar populations, population synthesis, chemical evolution concepts and
models (2);
- Milky Way (3): halo, bulge / pseudo bulge, central black hole, thin and
thick disk, spiral structure, star clusters, star formation history and chemical
enrichment, formation scenarios (e.g., Eggen-Lynden-Bell-Sandage), multi-
phase interstellar medium, dust, Galactic fountain, satellites, substructure
problem, Local Group;
- Spiral and elliptical galaxies (4): Surface photometry, profiles, origin of
spiral structure, mass measurement methods, rotation / velocity dispersion,
Tully-Fisher / Faber-Jackson relation, fundamental plane, super massive
black holes, active galaxies;
- Groups and clusters (3): morphology-density relation etc., mass
measurements, gravitational lensing, luminosity functions, interactions;
intergalactic gas; dark matter;
- Growth of structure (3): Origin of matter and elements, large-scale-
structure formation, large-scale matter distribution, redshift surveys, weak
lensing, galaxy formation and evolution, red / blue sequence, downsizing,
scaling relations, Butcher-Oemler effect, cosmic star formation history,
Lyman alpha forest, high-redshift universe, reionization, problems in galaxy
formation.

Module Part 2: Seminar (2 CP)
- Presentations and discussions on selected topics in Galactic and
extragalactic astronomy

Goal

When successfully completing this course, the students are able to report on the properties of the wide range of galaxy types, understand their origin and evolution, and can elucidate the physical factors governing their evolution. They understand the main physical processes that shape the appearance of galaxies and galaxy clusters. They know about the connection between cosmological structure formation and the populations of visible objects. They have gained experience in applying dimensional and scaling arguments to estimate the relative importance of different physical processes.

Content

- Friedmann-Lemaître-cosmologies: cosmological redshift, parameter
set, effects of curvature and of the cosmological constant, Hubble
expansion and Cepheid-measurements
- Age of the Universe: age from the cosmological model, radiometric
dating and nuclear cosmochronology, age of the oldest cosmic
objects
- Distance-redshift relation of standard candles: distance-redshift
relations, calibration of supernovae, acceleration and dimming,
determination of densities and equations of state, evidence for dark
energy
- Abundance of chemical elements: thermal evolution, big bang
nucleosynthesis, other modes of nucleosynthesis (stellar, spallation,
explosive), reaction chains, element abundances
- Cosmic microwave background: formation of atoms, simplified
description of temperature anisotropies, measurement results and
conclusions from them (in particular spatial flatness), secondary
anisotropies
- Cosmic structures: linear growth, need for (nonbaryonic) dark
matter, large-scale distribution of galaxies, cosmic web
- Formation of galaxies: gravitational collapse, flat rotation curves
and virial equilibria, need for dark matter, abundance of haloes
- Gravitational lensing: gravitational light deflection, lens equation,
weak and strong lensing, measurements of lensing effects and their
inversion

Goal

In this course, students gain fundamental understanding of the cosmological standard model and the cosmological evolution, including the impact of the basic observations and the connection to the physical framework. They gain a solid overview of the empirical basis of modern cosmology.

Content

The course introduces data access and processing with the Virtual
Observatory (VO), focusing in particular on the VO's query language
ADQL and means to exploit the VO's capabilities from python.

For organisatorial matters, please refer to the course's page:
https://moodle.uni-heidelberg.de/course/view.php?id=22352

In case you already had contact with the Virtual Observatory, you
are also welcome to only attend selected lectures; for the semester
plan, see our lecture notes at https://docs.g-vo.org/vo2024.pdf.
No registration or appointment necessary.

Content

See the English page

Content

Systems of star clusters (APOD40616):
-->> cluster age and mass distributions, formation/evolution/observational-biases interplay
Cluster age and mass estimates from their integrated photometry
--> introduction to stellar population synthesis models
Cluster dynamical evolution - Gas-free evolution (SDSS web site):
-->> clusters lose stars and eventually dissolve
From gas-embedded clusters to gas-free ones (APOD120715, APOD120903 ):
-->> expulsion of residual star-forming gas and consequences
Formation of star clusters (MNRAS web site):
-->> Modelling of star cluster formation, concept of star formation efficiency per freefall time, gas density-probability distribution functions
Colour-magnitude diagrams (HST web site):
-->> cluster age estimates for the resolved stellar-population case, kinematic-based "cleansing" of cluster CMDs

Course Information

Content

Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Fragestellungen der Forschung und zur Zeit laufende 
oder in Planung befindliche Forschungsprojekte. 
Themen sind: Schwarze Löcher (stellar, intermediär, supermassiv), Gravitationslinsen, Gravitationswellen, Dunkle Materie, etc.

Termine und Themen sind auf folgender Webseite zu finden:
https://blog.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/silkebritzen/vorlesung-universitat-heidelberg/

Die Veranstaltung findet online statt und beginnt am 19.04. um 14 Uhr.

Der zoom-link lautet:
https://eu02web.zoom-x.de/j/9084381833?pwd=YU1UdWJRa1BzajF4Tyt4YVlSdU1BUT09 
Meeting ID: 908 438 1833

Goal

Mein Ziel ist es, Interesse an aktuellen Fragen der Forschung zu wecken und über  spannende Forschungsprojekte zu informieren. Des Weiteren möchte ich den  Studenten Informationen über den Alltag in der Forschung liefern und Möglichkeiten für Master- und Doktorarbeiten aufzeigen.

Course Information

Content

Why do stars lose mass and what are the mechanisms behind it? This lecture will provide on overview of the different types of winds we find in stars and their physical origin. After exploring the different wind regimes (solar wind, hot stars, cool stars), the lecture will also cover the consequences of strong mass outflow on the evolution and environment of stars.

Content

We will treat the following topics:
• Spectroscopy and metrology
• Atom-light interactions
• Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics 
• Matter waves
• Cooling and trapping
• Mass measurements
• Quantum gases
• (Ultracold) Collisions
• Single atoms and molecules
• Quantum information
• Femto- and attosecond processes

Goal

After completing this course the students will be able to ż describe modern aspects of experimental research in atomic, molecular and optical physics, ż analyse standard experimental approaches of atomic, molecular and optical physics, ż design simple experimental set-ups in atomic, molecular and optical physics, ż apply the methods to simple practical examples.

Course Information

Content

Subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Nuclear Medicine

See website:
https://medphysrad-teaching.dkfz.de/medphys2.html

Content

**** WICHTIGE MITTEILUNG ****
Diese Lehrveranstaltung wurde abgesagt.

Content

Strahlenarten und biophysikalische Wirkung; Dosis und LET; Strahlenschäden bei Zellen und Reparaturmechanismen; Dosis-Wirkung.Modelle; Dosimetrie; Grundlagen der Strahlendiagnostik und -therapie

Content

Die Vorlesung setzt die die Einführungsvorlesung "Introduction to Radiation Biophysics" aus dem SS 2023 fort.

Content

* Structure of solids in real and reciprocal space
* Lattice dynamics and phonon band structure
* Thermal properties of insulators
* Electronic properties of metals and semiconductors: band structure and transport
* Optical properties from microwaves to UV
* Magnetism
* Superconductivity
* Defects, surfaces, disorder
(each chapter includes experimental basics)

Goal

After completing the course the students - have gained a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of condensed matter physics and can apply concepts of many-particle quantum mechanics to pose and solve relevant problems. - will be able to describe the priciples of formation of solids and can propose appropriate experimental methods to study structural properties. They are familiar with and can apply the concept of reciprocal space. - they can apply fundamental electronic models to explain and predict properties of crystalline materials as metals, semiconductors, and insulators. - they can ascribe optical, magnetic properties of matter to electronic and structure degrees of freedom. - they can describe and theoretically explain fundamental properties of superconductivity. - they are able to choose appropriate experimental methods for probing structural, optical, magnetic, and electronic properties of condensed matter and can analyse the experimental results.

Content

The course is a general introduction to the physics of matter at low temperatures and will provide a discussion of phenomena that uniquely occur near absolute zero. For example, when the thermal energy becomes small new macroscopic quantum states like superfluidity and superconductivity are formed. The course is divided into three sections: Quantum fluids, Properties of Solids and Refrigeration Techniques.

Content

This lecture introduces all physical concepts of the fundamentals of Environmental Physics and it is accompanied by exercises and tutorials every week.
The content spans:
• The fundamentals about the Earth climate system and its compartments, flow, transport, and the global radiation balance.
• Geophysical fluid dynamics, i.e. the fundamental laws of free and forced fluid movement and vorticity, and a practical guide to the first principles of turbulence.
• Global circulation of atmosphere and ocean, boundary layer physics, and slow flow through porous media and of ice.
• Gas and heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Global fluxes and cycles (energy, water, carbon).
• Isotope fractionation and isotope methods to study the Earth environments, focus on water and carbon isotopes.
• Introduction to models of environmental systems, basic principles of numerical climate modelling.
• Basic principles of radiative transfer. Climate system radiative forcing and sensitivity. Global climate change past, present and future.

Goal

Students achieve a fundamental understanding of the key physical processes and interactions in the Earth surface system and its compartments, as well as of the human impact on these systems and the related societal implications. They are able to solve basic problems of environmental physics and interpret the results in the context of fundamental questions regarding the physics of the earth surface environments and the methodologies to observe and study those.

Course Information

Content

• Fundamentals of physical oceanography, limnology, and hydrogeology 
• Heat and mass transfer between water and atmosphere 
• Flow and transport in surface and ground water  
• Tracer methods in the hydrological cycle

Goal

Students achieve an advanced understanding of the physical processes in aquatic systems, the methods to study them, and their role in the climate system. They are able to solve advanced problems and interpret the results in the context of current questions in research and application. They can assess and use current scientific literature to further develop their knowledge base, enabling them to conduct independent master research projects in physics of aquatic systems.

Content

1 week block lecture, language: English, Sep. 23-27, 2024, 9-18h, INF229, R108 (first floor), lecturer: Dr. Jochen Landgraf.

Course Information

Content

1-week block lecture, language: English, Apr. 8 - 12, 2024, IUP - INF229, first floor (R108), lecturer: Dr. Jochen Landgraf

The lecture will cover the principles of radiative transfer with a focus on the Earth's atmosphere including a discussion of electromagnetic waves, radiometric quantities and polarization, absorption and emission by molecules, scattering by molecules and particles, radiative transfer equation and solution methods for the Earth's atmosphere, remote sensing applications.

Content

Focus of the lecture is the physics and the layout of detector components
used in modern particle physics experiments. Topics are
- Interaction of particles with matter
- Scintillators and ToF detectors
- Gas detectors
- Silicon detectors
- Calorimeters
- Detector for particle identification
- Large detector systems

Goal

After completion of the course the student has gained basic knowledge about interactions of particles with matter, the physics of particle detectors, their working principles, and their applications in experiments. - Introductory lecture into the physics and the technical realization of particle detectors (2 hours/week) - Journal Club where on the basis of recent publications details of a particular research area are discussed (1 hour/week)

Course Information

Content

The lecture "Experimental Methods in Astroparticle Physics - II" is focused on two major topics:

- the existence of Dark Matter and methods used to detect and characterize its properties
- neutrinos and their properties 

The lecture will start on Monday the 15th of April and end on the 22nd of July. Tutorials will start the week later.

The number of credit points related to this lecture is 4 and will be obtained on the basis of the submitted solutions to the exercises:
60% of corrected exercises are required to obtain the 4 credit points

Suggested literature:
1. D. H. Perkins, Particle Astrophysics, Oxford Master Series in Physics, Oxford University Press (2009)
2. C. Grupen, Astroparticle Physics, Second Edition, Springer (2020)
3. H. V. Klapdor-KleingrothausandK. Zuber, Particle Astrophysics, IoP(2000)
4. E.W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe, Front. Phys. 69 (1990)
For specific topics dedicated literature will be suggested during the lecture.

During the first lecture we will also discuss possible time conflict with the proposed tutorial time.

Content

* Manifolds
* Geodetics, curvature, Einstein-Hilbert action
* Einstein equations
* Cosmology
* Differential forms in General Relativity
* The Schwarzschild solution
* Schwarzschild black holes
* More on black holes (Penrose diagrams, charged and rotating black holes)
* Unruh effect and hawking radiation

Goal

After completing the course the students * have a thorough knowledge and understanding of Einstein's theory of General Relativity including the necessary tools from differential geometry and applications such as black holes, gravitational radiation and cosmology,  * have acquired the necessary mathematical tools from differential geometry, are trained in their application to physical situations with strong gravity and are familiar with their interpretation, * have advanced competence in the fields of theoretical physics covered by this course, i.e. the ability to analyze physical phenomena using the acquired concepts and techniques, to formulate models and find solutions to specific problems, and to interpret the solutions physically and communicate them efficiently, * are able to broaden their knowledge and competence in this field of theoretical physics on their own by a systematical study of the literature.

Content

Theoretical and experimental foundations of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics on an advanced level. The lecture includes the main building blocks of the Standard Model: QED, weak interactions, gauge symmetries, electroweak symmetry breaking and Higgs mechanism, Flavor Physics, QCD.
The lectures are given by a theoretician and experimentalist. For details see the web page of the lecture: https://uebungen.physik.uni-heidelberg.de/vorlesung/20241/1848

Goal

Upon completion of this course the student has gained advanced knowledge about the Standard Model of Particle Physics including its mathematical framework based on relativistic quantum field theory, with emphasis on the interplay of experimental results and theoretical developments. The student can formulate the Standard Model and is capable to calculate particle processes using perturbation theory.

Content

- Introductory materials: bosons, fermions and second quantisation
- Green's functions approach
- Exactly solvable problems: potential scattering, Luttinger liquids etc.
- Theory of quantum fluids, BCS theory of superconductivity
- Quantum impurity problems: Kondo effect, Anderson model, renormalisation group approach
Depending on the lecturer more weight will be given to solid state theories or to soft matter.

Goal

After completing the course the students - have a thorough knowledge and understanding, of the nowadays 'traditional' diagrammatic technique and the problems solved by this technique, including Landau's theory of quantum liquids and BCS theory of superconductivity, - of advanced non-perturbative approaches such as renormalization group transformations, bosonisation and Bethe Ansatz and there application to examples of quantum impurity problems such as potential scattering in Luttinger liquids, inter-edge tunneling in fractional quantum Hall probes and Kondo effect in metals and mesoscopic quantum dots, - have acquired the necessary mathematical knowledge and competence for an in-depth understanding of this research field, - have advanced competence in the fields of theoretical physics covered by this course, i.e. the ability to analyze physical phenomena using the acquired concepts and techniques, to formulate models and find solutions to specific problems, and to interpret the solutions physically and communicate them efficiently, - are able to broaden their knowledge and competence in this field of theoretical physics on their own by a systematical study of the literature.

Course Information

Content

Contents:
0. Introduction
- A brief reminder of some basics of quantum mechanics
1. Quantum theory of matter
- Harmonic oscillator - Identical particles - Bosons and fermions - Fock space
2. Interactions
- Scattering theory - Potential scattering - Lippmann-Schwinger equation and Born approximation - Partial-wave expansion - Scattering cross section and optical theorem - Resonance scattering and bound states - Coulomb scattering
3. Theory of quantum states
- Density matrix - Pure states and mixed ensembles - Environment and partial trace - Entanglement (EPR, Bell's inequalities) - Time evolution and thermalization
4. Open quantum systems
- Markovian approximation and Lindblad Master equation - The Jaynes-Cummings model - Collapse and revival - Adiabatic processes

Content

The course will cover advanced topics in Cosmology concerning booth theoretical and observational aspects. Further information on "Uebungen":

https://uebungen.physik.uni-heidelberg.de/vorlesung/20241/1836

Content

This course is MVBP2 in the modul handbook and is addressed to physics master students with an interest in biophysics. Motivated bachelor or PhD-students are also most welcome, as are students from neighboring disciplines. There are two lectures each week, each for 90 minutes, plus weekly homework and exercises. Together you can earn 6 credit points from this course. This lecture can be used for the oral master examination if combined with e.g. the lecture on statistical physics or the lecture on simulation methods, or with two short specialized lectures (like non-linear or stochastic dynamics). The details for the tutorial will be discussed in the first lecture, which is on Thu April 18.

Course Information

Content

The lectures are Mondays and Wednesdays at 2:00pm at großer Hörsaal, Philosophenweg 12

Motivation:

Nonlinear dynamics is an interdisciplinary part of mathematical physics, with applications in such diverse fields as mechanics, optics, chemistry, biology, ecology, to name but a few. Equations with nonlinearities show a much more diverse behavior than their linear counterparts, for instance self-sustained oscillations, nonlinear competition (as linear superposition does not hold anymore), chaotic dynamics and pattern formation. Pattern formation, in turn, is one of the most fascinating and intriguing phenomena in nature: it takes place in a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological systems and on very different spatial and temporal scales: examples are convection phenomena in geosciences and meteorology, but also patterns occurring in chemical reactions and bacterial colonies. In some circumstances, pattern formation is undesired, for instance the formation of spiral waves leading to cardiac arrhythmias in the heart muscle. In other contexts, pattern formation is even essential for the functioning of a system as in cell division and embryo development.

Goal

Contents: The lecture will start with an introduction to nonlinear dynamics on the level of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), introducing concepts like phase space analysis, attractors, (in)stability of solutions and bifurcations, as well as nonlinear oscillations.  We will then proceed to study spatio-temporal behavior, i.e. partial differential equations (PDEs) and discuss the main questions in pattern formation: when will a homogeneous state become structured, i.e. unstable towards a pattern? What are the generic scenarios/types of patterns? When are patterns stable and are they unique? What determines the wavelength / period in time / amplitude of a pattern? Importantly, a universal description of pattern dynamics exists, that is independent of the system-specific pattern formation mechanism. The method to obtain this description is called multiple-scale reduction, resulting in an amplitude equation (also called center manifold), which is nothing but the famous Ginzburg-Landau equation (Nobel Prize in Physics 2003, originally derived for superconductivity).  Finally, nonlinear waves and solitons (localized waves) will be discussed. They again occur in many systems, from coupled nonlinear springs to hydrodynamic surface waves and nonlinear optics. In addition, solitons have intriguing mathematical properties that will also be discussed.

Content

The course is ONLINE only. It will provide an introduction to Mathematica with applications to physics and statistics. You need to have Mathematica installed on your computer. The course will start on April 30, and continues for 8 lectures, every Tuesday at 11:15-13:00. More info 
https://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/%7Eamendola/intromath-ss2024.html
  

   - Basics of Mathematica: functions, graphics, input/output, modules
   - Solving common mathematical, physical, and statistical problems

Course Information

Content

Bauteile gegenwärtiger Computer erreichen die Größenordnung von Atomen. Da für atomare und subatomare Physik die Quantenmechanik die akzeptierte und bestens bestätigte Theorie ist, wurde der Vorschlag von Feynman aus dem Jahr 1982 immer aktueller: nämlich Computer zu bauen und Algorithmen zu implementieren, die nach den Prinzipien der Quantenmechanik funktionieren. 
Beim Bau universell programmierbarer Quantencomputer und ihrer Nutzung wurden große Fortschritte erzielt und es gibt Hinweise dafür, dass sie in Zukunft gewisse Aufgabenstellungen wesentlich effizienter lösen können als klassische Computer. Ein viel diskutiertes und beachtetes Beispiel ist die Entschlüsselung aktuell verwendeter, bisher als sicher geltender Verschlüsselungsverfahren.  
Es ist nicht überraschend, dass gerade die der Anschauung am stärksten widersprechenden und daher im Anfangsstadium der Theorie am heftigsten kritisierten Konzepte der Quantenmechanik, wie Superposition und Verschränkung von Zuständen in verschiedenen Anwendungen einen Quantencomputer einem klassischen Computer überlegen machen. 
In der Vorlesung wollen wir insbesondere auf die Verknüpfung von Physik und Informatik in der Quanteninformationstheorie eingehen. 
 - Wir beginnen mit einer Vorstellung aktueller Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung und bekannter Grenzen (klassischer) Computer und geben eine kurze Einführung in Berechenbarkeitstheorie, Rechenmodelle, Algorithmen und reversibles Rechnen. Danach werden das Quantenbit und Rechenschritte darauf definiert, Quantenregister und Quantenschaltkreise eingeführt, wichtige Algorithmen untersucht und gezeigt, wie diese implementiert werden können.
 - Im Zusammenhang mit der Quanteninformatik wird der formale Aufbau der Quantenmechanik noch einmal vorgestellt. Dabei werden die Aspekte, die für die Funktionsweise eines Quantencomputers wesentlich sind, besonders hervorgehoben, z.B. Messprozess, E. Schmidt´scher Formalismus, Quantenkanäle, Superoperatoren und die Quanten-Fouriertransformation.
 - In einem dritten Teil wird die klassische Komplexitätstheorie kurz vorgestellt, um mögliche entscheidende Vorteile eines Quantencomputers aufzeigen zu können.
 - Der nächste Teil der Vorlesung besteht in einer Beschreibung und Diskussion des Shore´schen Algorithmus. Er beruht auf Ergebnissen der Zahlentheorie und der Quanten-Fouriertransformation. Er ist nicht nur der Algorithmus, der aktuell für die größte Aufmerksamkeit sorgt, sondern an ihm lassen sich auch die wesentlichen Vorteile des Quantencomputers und Elemente der Quantenkomplexität sehr gut darstellen.
 - Ein weiterer essentieller Punkt für die Entwicklung der Quantencomputer war die Entdeckung von Verfahren zur Fehlerkorrektur, die wir in diesem Teil der Vorlesung betrachten werden.
 - Die Eigenschaften der Quantenmechanik erlauben die Implementierung abhörsicherer, verschlüsselter Kommunikation. Diese wurde bereits über viele 100 km erfolgreich getestet (Nobelpreis für Physik 2022) und ist wesentliche Voraussetzung für ein Quanteninternet.
 - Abschließend sollen verschiedene Ansätze zum Bau von Quantencomputern und zur Realisierung von Gates vorgestellt werden.

Course Information

Content

The lecture course provides an introduction to the strongly-correlated physics of QCD and Quantum Gravity. The related physics problems are treated within the Functional Renormalisation Group (fRG), and a survey of alternative approaches is provided.

    Outline

    I The Functional RG
        Euclidean QFT 
        Functional Renormalisation Group
        Critical Phenomena & Fixed Points 

   II  QCD
        Introduction 
        Non-Abelian gauge theories & confinement 
        Chiral symmetry breaking in QCD 
        QCD at finite T 
        A glimpse at the QCD phase diagram 

  III Quantum Gravity
        Introduction 
        RG approach to quantum gravity 
        Gravity and matter 
        Cosmological applications*

Course Information

Content

https://sciai-lab.org/teaching/24s/gmlqc/

Goal

see https://sciai-lab.org/teaching/24s/gmlqc/

Content

- Axioms of Probability Theory; random variables, important distributions
- Bayesian inference
- Linear regression, non-linear regression
- Regularized regression to fit high-dimensional data
- Hypothesis testing: fundamental concepts
- Parametric and non-parametric tests
- Classification
- Cluster analysis
- Model selection

Goal

After completion of this module, the students understand fundamental concepts of stochastics, and are able to relate them to concrete problems. They understand and are alert of possible pitfalls such as overfitting, multiple comparisons, or susceptibility to outliers. They know and are able to apply basic countermeasures and they have access to more advanced literature on the subject. Students are familiar with relevant high-level languages and statistical programming libraries, and know how to apply them to real-world data provided in the exercises.

Content

This seminar is part of the master module MVAstro3 (Galactic and Extragalactic Astronomy).  It supplements the lecture contents.  It is usually being held as a block event on three or four afternoons chosen in the course; typically on Saturdays.

Content

Durchführung von mehreren astrophysikalischen Versuchen je nach Kenntnisstand innerhalb einer Woche. Diese decken grosse Gebiete in der Astronomie ab. Dauer pro Versuch 1-1.5 Tage. Kein separates Protokoll oder Hausarbeit notwendig.

Goal

Selbstständige Bearbeitung experimenteller Fragestellungen. Kennenlernen und Vertiefung diverser astronomischer moderner Tools wie zB Datenreduktion, virtuelles Observatorium, Interpretation diagnostischer Diagramme.